a polyphaga atcc30461 ap  (ATCC)

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) trophozoites when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: The efficacy of the different disinfectants against the trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba DB1, Allovahlkampfia DS1, Stenamoeba DS1, and V. vermiformis HB7 isolated from Australian potable water and A. polyphaga ATCC ® 30461TM is shown in , .

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) cysts when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: The efficacy of the different disinfectants against the trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba DB1, Allovahlkampfia DS1, Stenamoeba DS1, and V. vermiformis HB7 isolated from Australian potable water and A. polyphaga ATCC ® 30461TM is shown in , .

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) trophozoites when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: This study evaluated the efficacy of multiple disinfectants—thermal disinfection (70 °C), hydrogen peroxide, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide—against planktonic trophozoites and cysts of five FLA strains: Acanthamoeba DB1, Allovahlkampfia DS1, Stenamoeba DS1, Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7, and Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461 TM .

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) cysts when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: This study evaluated the efficacy of multiple disinfectants—thermal disinfection (70 °C), hydrogen peroxide, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide—against planktonic trophozoites and cysts of five FLA strains: Acanthamoeba DB1, Allovahlkampfia DS1, Stenamoeba DS1, Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7, and Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461 TM .

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) trophozoites when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: This study used four different FLA strains previously isolated from engineered water systems ( ): Acanthamoeba DB1 (domestic tap faucet biofilm), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (domestic shower water), Stenamoeba DS1 (domestic shower water), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (hospital basin water), as well as Acanthamoeba polyphaga (ATCC ® 30461).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1654984

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Acanthamoeba polyphaga ATCC ® 30461™ (gray), Acanthamoeba DB1 (red), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (green), Stenamoeba DS1 (blue), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (yellow) cysts when exposed to increasing concentrations/time for each disinfectant. (A) Thermal disinfection (70 °C) at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min; (B) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% hydrogen peroxide for 60 min; (C) 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one for 60 min; (D) 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride for 60 min; (E) sodium hypochlorite at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L free chlorine for 60 min; and (F) chlorine dioxide at 0 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for 60 min. Data are presented as mean log 10 viable cells/mL ± SD.

Article Snippet: This study used four different FLA strains previously isolated from engineered water systems ( ): Acanthamoeba DB1 (domestic tap faucet biofilm), Allovahlkampfia DS1 (domestic shower water), Stenamoeba DS1 (domestic shower water), and Vermamoeba vermiformis HB7 (hospital basin water), as well as Acanthamoeba polyphaga (ATCC ® 30461).

Techniques:

Journal: Veterinary World

Article Title: Amoebicidal, anti-adhesive, and low-cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract against ocular Acanthamoeba spp.: First evidence supporting plant-based therapeutic potential

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3322-3334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viability percentage for the parasiticidal assay for cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba castellanii treated with (a) plant extract corresponding to the determined minimum inhibitory concentration compared to the (b) negative control. Asterisks (*) indicate the groups that differ significantly (p < 0.05) from the control group, AP = Acanthamoeba polyphaga , AC = Acanthamoeba castellanii .

Article Snippet: Two pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains were used in this study: A. polyphaga American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 30461, obtained from the ATCC (ATCC, USA), and A. castellanii ATCC 50739, kindly provided by Dr. Rachasak Boonhok, Assistant Professor at the School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University.

Techniques: Plant Extract, Concentration Assay, Negative Control, Control

Journal: Veterinary World

Article Title: Amoebicidal, anti-adhesive, and low-cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract against ocular Acanthamoeba spp.: First evidence supporting plant-based therapeutic potential

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3322-3334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy imaging of (a) Acanthamoeba polyphaga cysts used as negative control, (b) trophozoites used as negative control, (c) cysts used as positive control, (d) trophozoites used as positive control, (e) cysts treated with 4 mg/mL (minimum cyst inhibitory concentration) of plant extract, and (f) trophozoites treated with 2 mg/mL (minimum trophozoite inhibitory concentration) of plant extract.

Article Snippet: Two pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains were used in this study: A. polyphaga American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 30461, obtained from the ATCC (ATCC, USA), and A. castellanii ATCC 50739, kindly provided by Dr. Rachasak Boonhok, Assistant Professor at the School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Imaging, Negative Control, Positive Control, Concentration Assay, Plant Extract

Journal: Veterinary World

Article Title: Amoebicidal, anti-adhesive, and low-cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract against ocular Acanthamoeba spp.: First evidence supporting plant-based therapeutic potential

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3322-3334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viability percentage for the parasiticidal assay for cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba castellanii treated with (a) plant extract corresponding to the determined minimum inhibitory concentration compared to the (b) negative control. Asterisks (*) indicate the groups that differ significantly (p < 0.05) from the control group, AP = Acanthamoeba polyphaga , AC = Acanthamoeba castellanii .

Article Snippet: The study involved in vitro cultures of A. polyphaga (ATCC 30461) and A. castellanii (ATCC 50739) and cytotoxicity testing in vero cell lines; no vertebrate animals or human subjects were directly used.

Techniques: Plant Extract, Concentration Assay, Negative Control, Control

Journal: Veterinary World

Article Title: Amoebicidal, anti-adhesive, and low-cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract against ocular Acanthamoeba spp.: First evidence supporting plant-based therapeutic potential

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3322-3334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy imaging of (a) Acanthamoeba polyphaga cysts used as negative control, (b) trophozoites used as negative control, (c) cysts used as positive control, (d) trophozoites used as positive control, (e) cysts treated with 4 mg/mL (minimum cyst inhibitory concentration) of plant extract, and (f) trophozoites treated with 2 mg/mL (minimum trophozoite inhibitory concentration) of plant extract.

Article Snippet: The study involved in vitro cultures of A. polyphaga (ATCC 30461) and A. castellanii (ATCC 50739) and cytotoxicity testing in vero cell lines; no vertebrate animals or human subjects were directly used.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Imaging, Negative Control, Positive Control, Concentration Assay, Plant Extract